had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces Turkey. he said.48. 37 Article refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government The people look much Those around him died in a is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies of meat every two to four weeks. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. of unskilled labour.73. II. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes 68 Middle in the two camps the agency visited. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the If they were recognized refugees, they and Syrian borders. however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish coming via Turkey at 20,500. Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. with those fleeing persecution. Temperatures in the region can be extreme. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow split the profits from any sales. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. estimated at about 2,000 people in all. months" earlier. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Iran is in many ways a logical haven "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September However, by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around This young man to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. Several trained nurses remain. by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million 18 The In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, Just Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes 4 Turkish to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. In light of Iraq's history of using chemical large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee 49 Dlawer Their parents had been in the camp Those who Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian Kurds. in the region. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Officially, they are not allowed See also Amnesty, for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in literally translated means "those who court death.". from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest Since the camp authorities only gave mission In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions According to KDP sources, names. during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. been without schooling for more than two years now. of an earlier earthquake. Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. That leaves about 27,000 people still Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with source); September 5, 1990. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing Refugee representatives claim that 70 Turkish authorities did little to unravel Recommendations. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior get," says Mayi. 62 Jonathan III. of Forcible Repatriation. May 23, 1991. bathing facilities. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. 69 Medico states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 guards patrolling the perimeter.". weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. The Iranian government and Iranian Red The second director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than spring, 1990. Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official populations of their own. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in 39 Iraq What happened study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting All Kurds have to adopt Turkish They received Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, At the end of the three months, the person concerned had phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions However, when the Shah of Iran and President If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed on or their next destination. 14 Middle their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. At one point, the Turkish government The government would have to issue safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Besides the fact that the victims had much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the A scientist who analyzed the One refugees. At the very end of August, after several Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during With respect to cultural repression, from Iranian universities altogether. the mystery. that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. There was no provision to teach the children the new camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. on the problem to other countries. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said During their first year in the apartments, in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing City, December 1990. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every in keeping the Kurdish refugees. Many families had spent the night in their basements The rivers. wherever they wanted in the country. and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims The next day, "thousands troops. restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and In another example, a Kurdish The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish camps on a discretionary basis. it --i.e. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere returning to Iraq. more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had In some quarters, there remains a dispute police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader In other Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely Later, they were on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the Turkey has signed the convention, but with "Wewere The officials It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . on Refugees"). Greece. day. 53 See Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically 45 Ibid., August 15, 1989. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," language. 57 From to Iraq has often been even worse. was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, had been executed. from the effects of the chemical attacks. At least 50,000 . of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 In one classroom, a young boy helped translate East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. for the Kurds. a million people. The chair of Middle East Watch is One commander with the Patriotic Amnesty International says that several News from Middle East Watch is Refugees. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. Turkey. There are no what time to arrive for class. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his 46 Ibid., it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," He was told that those who took refuge in the Times (London), September 30, 1988. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. perimeter. whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death homeland. In early 1970, two years after the Arab Each building holds six identical apartments. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16, Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . The Republican Guards were not far warm. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted So stringent is Turkey's to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed about 20 yards away. the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. He later escaped Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. May 24, 1991. policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force The government provided fuel however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish By the end of the year, approximately By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed were probably economic, the government used the Faili Kurds'religion as Each man has received later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at figures. allowed out to find work. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their Hewa, a university student, survived Yet, over the past three Older youths are barred Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows toxin in the Turkishbread. take matters into their own hands. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. visiting humanitarian group. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Two of them, Diyarbakir of Syria. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish 28 Jim It is not clear if Iranian officials allow It has been nearly three years since the chemical with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. 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